Love Child or Demon Spawn?
Nov 22, 2016. Save everything and restart your Mac. Now, you will have CTRL + x/c/v/z working like it is on a Windows machine. BE AWARE: This will overwrite whatever Apple has configured for these shortcuts. For instance CTRL + v is a standard shortcut for page down, which will not work anymore.
This article describes the use of PowerShell scripting on Mac and Linux.
“PowerShell” refers to both the command-line shell and scripting language designed system administration.
PowerShell is an object-centered “management engine”that can be hosted in an application program.
ISE = “Integrated Scripting Environment” is a GUI that providespopup tab completion and other assists.
PowerShell promises more consistency than the various commands added over time by various parties.
From the PowerShell and DSC Team YouTube channel:
This 51-minute series of demos was published Aug 18, 2016, the same dayPowerShell is open-sourced for all OSs at
https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell.
This article notes Desired State Configuration for Linux and the promise of SSH support arrived in 2014 (several months before Microsoft open sourced .NET and brought .NET Core to Linux). But “you had to author your scripts on the Windows platform, you had to configure things on the Windows platform and then deliver the desired configuration to a Linux box and have it be configured; now you can do all of that on Linux.”
There is a brew powershell as of beta.7:
brew cask install powershell
Alternately, click to download the latest release for MacOS at:
https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell
Alternately, get back versions at
https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell/releases
Date | File | MB Size | Space | Cmds |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apr, 2018 | 6.0.2 on brew | 50.8 MB | ||
Sep 13, 2017 | powershell-6.0.0-beta.7-osx.10.12-x64.pkg | 50.8 MB | ||
Sep 13, 2016 | powershell-6.0.0-alpha.10.pkg | 28.2 MB | ? MB | 345 |
Aug 10, 2016 | powershell-6.0.0-alpha.9.pkg | 37.1 MB | 119.7 MB | |
Jul 26, 2016 | powershell-6.0.0-alpha.7.pkg | 25.0 MB | ||
Jul 8, 2016 | powershell-0.6.0.pkg | 24.2 MB |
Click Continue, etc.
NOTE: For Windows: Microsoft Windows Management Framework 5.0
Open a Terminal shell window to launch PowerShell:
powershell
Alternately:
pwsh
The response is “PS” in front of the file path prompt:
Check the version of PowerShell being used by calling a pre-defined variable:
$psversiontable
PROTIP: With PowerShell, a variable can act like a command.
Response:
QUESTION: What’s the CLRVersion?
PROTIP: Know the PowerShell commands known not to work on Linux/macOS.
To leave PowerShell, it’s the same as in Bash scripts:
exit
When you return back in…
Get help information for a command:
get-help stop-service
One text editor built for PowerShell is Microsoft’s Visual Studio Code.
Install Visual Studio Code (see https://chocolatey.org/packages/VisualStudioCode):
choco install visualstudiocode -y
Install the PowerShell add-in to VSCode:
choco install vscode-powershell -y
Install the PowerShell Editor Services extension by pressing Ctrl+P, then type “ext install PowerShell” for a list of add-ins.
Ctrl+P is the universal search that also does “fuzzy search” of text in files open.
Click “install” of the extension named “PowerShell”.The icon turns to “installing”.
Open a directory containing PowerShell scriptsand open the File menu and select “Open Folder …”.Select the folder containing your scripts.
The scripts show up in the Explore tab of the Side Bar.
PROTIP: One advantage using VS Code is its Side Barenabling you to switch quickly among different files.
Press Ctrl+B to hide and unhide the Side Bar.
Press Ctrl+ to open a new editor window.
Up to three editor panes can be open at once.
Press Ctrl+1, 2, or 3 to switch among the files.
To edit user settings, press Ctrl+Shift+P, then type “user” and press enter.
Click on “powershell.scriptAnalysis.enable”.
Press Ctrl+Shift+<period> to change value from true to false or back again.
Keith Hill notesdebugging support provided by the PowerShell Editor Services extension currently runs only on Windows.
PowerShell is written on top of .NET.NET’s previous dependencies on Windows components have been removedin .NET Core.
PowerShell errors occur if .NET Core is not installed, so:
Go to web page https://www.microsoft.com/net/core#macos
The web page asks for OpenSSL to be installed.
On a Mac:
Click the link to download the 50.3MB
dotnet-dev-osx-x64.1.0.0-preview2-003131.pkg
https://github.com/dotnet/core/blob/master/cli/known-issues.md
Run the installer (for 106.3MB of space).
Before installing anything or running through the update app, hit Command+i or pull down the File menu and choose “Show Files”:
These are folders within folder /usr/local/share under “Macintosh HD”.
Edit your Bash shell search PATH to include/usr/local/share/dotnet
atom ~/.bash_profile
An example:
Open a new Terminal shell window to run:
The response:
In a PowerShell invoke this to ensure that it can be done:
I like using script files rather than typing becauseit allows me to focus on the latest in what is usuallya long string of commands necessary in today’s complex world.
To call scripts, an example:
PROTIP: Make sure that when a file with .ps1 extension is clicked from Folder, the script is not launched to run, but that the script appears in a text editor.
A sample command to invoke the script including an execution policy :
Notice it’s “powershell” and not “powershell.exe” because Mac and Linux don’t recognize .exe.
When a script is signed, its location is locked to a specific full directory path, even when it’s in the current folder.
“remotesigned” is important because if this script has not been digitally signed, one needs to set PS execution policy to “RemoteSigned” (or “Unrestricted”) after reopening PowerShell as an Administrator to run:
By default PowerShell prevents the execution of PowerShell scripts on Windows systems.
Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
Get a list of current security settings:
Get-ExecutionPolicy -List | Format-Table -AutoSize
See https://blog.netspi.com/15-ways-to-bypass-the-powershell-execution-policy/
https://github.com/MeshkDevs/InvokeTwitterAPIs
## Verify a signed script can be used #
Set
Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned
To add the CA root certificate (either PEM or DER format) into the OSX global keychain:
Use Finder to navigate to your /System -> Library -> Keychains -> X509Anchors to your own Library -> Keychains.
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In a Terminal shell window, run command:
certtool i mycertificate.crt k=X509Anchors
Add a “d” at the end for DER format.
Copy your Library -> Keychains -> X509Anchors back to /System -> Library -> Keychains.
Use sudo.
Increasingly, hackers are using PowerShell to create havoc.
So it’s a good idea to automatically logging using the start-transcript
and stop-transcript
commands.
BLAH: The sample script at https://github.com/wilsonmar/git-utilities/ps-auto-log.ps1,causes errors during execution of scripts.
Inside the file:
PROTIP: This can use up a lot of space quickly, so some management of its use is necessary.
I haven’t found a way to have a Bash script that can also be run as a PowerShell script.
PROTIP: Switching from Bash to PowerShell means a one-time migration and there is no turning back unless you want to maintainparallel scripts.
This is largely because of differences in if/then/else coding. The same if/then/else syntax in PowerShell scripts for Mac and PC is needed for the same script file to be used.
On Bash:
Bizhub c220 windows 10. Current computer skills and install a smb share.
The question is whether a single PowerShell script can reallyrun on both Mac and Windows. Do a parallel run.
For different actions in PowerShell according to type of operating system:
NOTE: Because braces define actions, there is no “end if” (“fi”) in PowerShell.
-eq / -ne / -ge
-Like / -NotLike wildcard string - $name -Like “*sh”
-Match / -NotMatch regular expression - $name -Match “sh$”
-Contains / -NotContains a value in array - $name -contains “jo”
-In / -NotIn Is a value in an array - “joe” -in $name
-And
-Or
-Xor = Logical exclusive or.
PROTIP: Use $home instead of the tilde (~)in PowerShell because tilde does not always represent the the user’s home folder as in Linux.This is because PS has different“providers” that include HKLM and HKCU top-levels in the Windows Registry.Get a list of providers and disk space:
Get-PSDrive
The response:
PowerShell calls files “items” as a term that groups files with registry keys and variables.
returns the Mode and LastWriteTime of the user.
Instead of “mkdir” to create folders, use
New-Item
To list files in a folder, it’s the same as in Bash:
ls -al
PowerShell cmdlets (command-lets) enables computers to be managed from the command line,much like Bash shell scripts on Linux machines.How many are there?
(get-command).count
https://github.com/pester/Pester/wiki/Mock
PROTIP: Files containing secrets, such as passwords andcertificates are NOT stored in GitHub nor script files, but in a separate location, and backed up among other local files.
The secrets are retrieved into the script at run-time.
See my tutorial on GitHub Data Security
BTW, keys in a hash table must be unique.
Hash tables are used throughout PowerShell.
An example of a REST API call:
Sort a hash tables using the GetEnumertor():
Get-Service m* | where {$_.status -eq ‘running’}
Get-Service m* | where status -eq ‘running’
The “$_” represents the current object in v2 can handle more complexity than v3 syntax:
Many Bash commands work in PowerShell (ls, cat, echo) becauseAliases make many commands in Bash scripts work:
get-alias echo
The response is “Write-Output”, which is what is executed.
BLAH: Many parameters to aliases are not recognized. For example, this common command results in an error:
ls -al
Instead, use:
dir -File | format-table
NOTE: dir is an alias to Get-ChildItem.
Thus,
Write-Host $env:computername -foreground Green
”–passthru” means do not go through Pipeline.
You can reset a default alias.
PROTIP: Environment variables defined in Bash scripts can be read by PowerShell scripts and visa-versa.
Lists of environment variables:
The command “dir” is an alias of Get-ChildItem.
For the value of a single environment variable:
Get-ChildItem Env:USER
Get-ChildItem Env:AWS_DEFAULT_REGION
Instead of “rm -rf” in Bash:https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/heyscriptingguy/2012/02/22/the-best-way-to-use-powershell-to-delete-folders/
“-WhatIf” specifies a dry-run.
Ro add the content of several files into a single text file:
PS has some smarter parameters, such as filtering for files onlyand running recursively into sub-folders:
dir c:work*.ps1 -file -recurse
All PowerShell cmdlets follow a standardized verb-noun naming convention that makes it easy to look up, find, and use cmdlets.For a list of all the verbs:
get-verb
REMEMBER: Capitalization counts within PowerShell.
get-command -verb export
get-command -noun ACL
Only 25% of cmdlets are shipped with paths.
PROTIP: Don’t use “+” for string concatenation.
Initially built on Microsoft’s .NET Framework, PowerShell can refer to a static .NET member in square brackets with two colons to specify Pi:
[math]::pi
It’s wonderful that PowerShell doesn’t require an echo to display the value of objects.
To delete a file in the .NET I/O directory object:
The issue with using .NET objects is that they may execute in a different folder context than PowerShell.
TODO: $prompt
To count the number of cmdlets:
To get the current folder:
Alternatively, use (since v2):
This returns a PathInfo object.
$scriptDir = Split-Path -Path $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Definition -Parent
Based on http://ss64.com/ps/syntax-dateformats.html
Instead of just parsing text (as *Nix shells do),PowerShell works with objects in a pipeline.
Piping:
To list all variables defined and their values:
Get-Variable | Out-String
PROTIP: With PowerShell, it’s best to use out-file instead of “>” redirect character:
dir -file -hidden | out-file -filepath rootfiles.txt
Error handling:
Use preference variables for stream redirection:
1> Success 2> Error 3> Warning 4> Verbose 5> Debug
NOTE: Can Only merge to the success stream.
$Error is the automatic array that stores the last 256 exceptions (objects in error) - the default $MaximumErrorCount.
Error action preferences:
0 = Silently Continue
1 = Stop
2 = Continue
3 = Inquire
4 = Ignore [parameter value only]
This suggests:
PROTIP: To press the trailing back-tick that breaks up a command into several lines, press the key at the upper left corner of the keyboard with your left hand while you press shift key using your right hand.
A space character is required before the tick.
PROTIP: Break up long text into a string block (which Microsoft calls here-string):
The output is:
From https://apps.twitter.com/ define a new app. In Permissions tab, select Read-only. Click Update Settings. In Key and Access Tokens tab, click “Create my access tokens”. Copy the Consumer Key (API key) and paste in ~/.passwords as TWITTER_TOKEN.
It takes many lines to mess with OAuth, so I make use of Adam’s library for Twitter’s v1.1 API described at:
http://www.adamtheautomator.com/twitter-module-powershell/
https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Tweet-and-send-Twitter-DMs-8c2d6f0a
called “Tweet and send Twitter DMs with Powershell”.
Adam’s “MyTwitter.psm1” I’ve download had 229 lines on 8/31/2014.
PROTIP: The “.psm1” extension means it’s a PowerShell module.
I used a text editor to edit the file to paste in variables for the 4 credentials from Twitter.
I then saved the module in the same GitHub folder as my script,and added a command to pull the module into the script:
Alternately, Copy-install the module to your $env:PSModulePath
See http://www.powershellgallery.com/gettingstarted
PowerShellGet from the Windows PowerShell Framework 5.0
The alternative is to put the module in the PSModulePath,which enables tab completion to complete the names of commands from modules that are not loaded.
The module has these functions:
Paste in your PowerShell script:
BTW, PowerShell cmdlets in https://github.com/Iristyle/Posh-GitHubis only for use on Windows.
Trevor Sullivan (@pcgeek86) made a 20:40 video Mar 17, 2016
A PowerShell Module for manipulating PowerShell ProfilesbyThomas Malkewitz
curl is an alias for Invoke-WebRequest in PowerShell.
https://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/trevor-powershell/Automating-the-GitHub-REST-API-Using-PowerShell
## JSON from REST API #
To extract out a key from the JSON file:
https://www.pluralsight.com/courses/powershell-modules-advanced-functions-building
Jeff Hicks notes these profile scripts execute automatically at start:
To view all profiles:
$profile | select *
Folder | Script file | Script name |
---|---|---|
C:Windows System32 WindowsPowerShell v1.0 | profile.ps1 | AllUsersAllHosts |
Microsoft.PowerShell.profile.ps1 | AllUsersCurrentHost | |
Microsoft.PowerShellSE.profile.ps1 | AllUsersCurrentHost (ISE) | |
C:Users<user>Documents WindowsPowerShell or /Users/<user>/ .config/powershell/ | Microsoft.PowerShell.profile.ps1 | CurrentUsersAllHosts* |
profile.ps1 | CurrentUserCurrentHost | |
Microsoft.PowerShellSE.profile.ps1 | CurrentUserCurrentHost (ISE) |
Corporate IT departments often use Group Policies.
$Headers = “Authorization: token ${GITHUB_TOKEN}” echo “Headers=$Headers” # DEBUGGING
$Token=$GITHUBUSER +’:’+ $SECRETS.GITHUB_TOKEN; $Base64Token=[System.Convert]::ToBase64String([char[]]$Token); $Headers = @{ Authorization = ‘Basic(0)’ -f $Base64Token; }; # -f is for substitution of (0). # See https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee692795.aspx # Write-Host (“Headers=”+$Headers.Authorization) $Headers = “{ Authorization: = Basic $GITHUB_TOKEN }” # -f is for substitution of (0). # See https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee692795.aspx Write-Host (“Headers=”+$Headers)
Stephane shows this command to move (pipe) png files from Desktop to Pictures folder:
A variable can contain an array:
https://www.simple-talk.com/blogs/psyaml-powershell-yaml/
This blog gives an example of importing a CSV file:
$data = Import-CSV C:scriptsmoviedata.csv
Sorting by date requires creating a new property:
The new property persists, so can be used this way:
This is one of a series on DevOps:
Hashicorp Vault and Consul to generate and hold secrets
A huge chunk of the fun that you’ll find on the web is the ability to download images and other files to your MacBook. If you’ve visited a site that offers files for downloading, typically you just click the Download button or the download file link, and Safari takes care of the rest.
While the file is downloading, feel free to continue browsing or even download additional files; the Downloads status list helps you keep track of what’s going on and when everything will be finished transferring. To display the Download status list from the keyboard, press cmd+Option+L. You can also click the Download button at the upper-right corner of the window to display the Download list.
By default, Safari saves any downloaded files to the Downloads folder that appears in your Dock. To change the specified location where downloaded files are stored — for example, if you’d like to save them directly to the desktop or scan them automatically with an antivirus application — follow these steps:
Choose Safari→Preferences or press cmd+, (comma).
Click the General tab, and then click the Save Downloaded Files To pop-up menu.
Choose Other.
Navigate to the location where you want the files to be stored.
Click the Select button.
Click the Close button to exit Preferences.
To download a specific image that appears on a web page, move your pointer over the image, right-click, and choose Save Image As from the pop-up menu that appears. Safari prompts you for the location where you want to store the file.
You can choose to automatically open files that Safari considers safe — things such as movies, text files, and PDF files that are unlikely to store a virus or a damaging macro. By default, the Open “Safe” Files after Downloading check box is selected. If you’re interested in preventing anything you download from running until you’ve manually checked it with your antivirus application, you can deselect the check box.
Luckily, Safari has matured to the point where it can seamlessly handle most multimedia file types that it encounters. However, if you’ve downloaded a multimedia file and Safari doesn’t seem to be able to play or display it, try loading the file in QuickTime Player. QuickTime Player can recognize a huge number of audio, video, and image formats. (Also, consider the freeware Perian QuickTime plug-in.)